How solar energy works to power your home

Solar energy converts sunlight directly into electricity, primarily using solar panels on your roof. This guide explains the science behind this conversion, the components of a home solar system, and how it all works together to power your property. Understanding solar power is the first step towards generating your own energy and taking control of your home's electricity supply.

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What is solar energy?

Solar energy is power harnessed from the sun, offering a clean, renewable source of electricity. It represents a shift from relying on centralised, finite resources to distributed generation, where you can produce your own power at home.

Defining solar power

At its core, solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. This is a proven method of energy generation that contributes to energy independence. It reduces reliance on traditional energy sources and helps lower carbon emissions.

Types of solar energy

While this guide focuses on photovoltaic (PV) solar energy, which directly converts sunlight into electricity, there are other forms. Solar thermal systems, for example, use sunlight to heat water or air for domestic use. However, when most people talk about home solar, they are referring to solar PV.

The photovoltaic effect explained

The magic behind solar panels lies in the photovoltaic effect, a scientific principle discovered in the 19th century. This effect allows certain materials to convert light directly into an electric current.

From sunlight to electricity

Solar panels convert photons from sunlight into electrons, creating an electric current through the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight hits a solar cell, the photons energise electrons within the cell's semiconductor material. These excited electrons are then dislodged from their atoms and begin to flow, generating direct current (DC) electricity.

Silicon's role in solar cells

Most solar cells are made from silicon, a semiconductor material. Silicon is specially treated to create an electric field, with positive and negative layers. When photons strike the silicon, they knock electrons loose. The electric field then pushes these free electrons in a specific direction, creating a flow of electricity.

Key components of a home solar system

A functional home solar system involves more than just the panels themselves. Several key components work together to ensure your home can generate, use, and store solar electricity efficiently.

Solar panels: the energy collectors

Solar panels, also known as PV modules, are made up of many individual solar cells. These are typically installed on your roof, where they can capture the maximum amount of sunlight. The panels are designed to be durable and withstand various weather conditions, continuously generating DC electricity when exposed to light.

Inverters: converting DC to AC

Inverters are crucial components that convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) usable by household appliances. Your home's electrical system and most appliances run on AC electricity, so the inverter acts as a bridge between the panels and your home. Without an inverter, the DC electricity from your panels would be unusable.

Batteries and storage: power for later

While not always included in every system, batteries offer a way to store excess solar electricity generated during the day for use later, such as in the evening or during power cuts. This can further increase your energy independence and reduce reliance on the grid.

Smart meters and grid connection

A smart meter is highly recommended for a home solar system, as it accurately measures both the electricity you consume from the grid and any surplus electricity your panels export back to it. Connecting your system to the National Grid allows you to draw power when your solar panels are not generating enough and sell any excess electricity you produce. You can learn more about specific types, such as the Aclara smart meter, to understand their features.

How solar energy powers your home

Once installed, a home solar system works seamlessly to provide electricity for your property.

Daytime generation and use

During daylight hours, your solar panels generate electricity. This electricity first powers your home's appliances and lights. If your panels produce more electricity than your home is currently using, the surplus can be directed elsewhere.

Storing excess energy

If you have a battery storage system, any excess electricity generated during the day will automatically charge your battery. This stored energy can then be used when your panels are not generating, such as after sunset or on cloudy days, further reducing your need to draw from the grid.

Selling energy back to the grid

When your solar panels generate more electricity than your home can use or store, the surplus is automatically fed back into the National Grid. Under schemes like the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG), energy suppliers pay you for this exported electricity, turning your excess generation into a financial benefit.

Benefits of home solar power

Adopting home solar power offers several advantages, from environmental benefits to financial savings and increased energy independence. For a deeper dive into the upsides, explore the advantages of solar energy.

Environmental impact

Generating your own electricity with solar panels significantly reduces your carbon footprint. Solar power is a clean, renewable energy source that produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to combat climate change and improve air quality.

Financial savings and energy independence

By generating your own electricity, you can reduce your reliance on grid electricity, leading to lower energy bills. The average UK home uses around 2,700 kWh of electricity per year1, a significant portion of which can be offset by a well-sized solar PV system. This move gives you more control over your energy costs and contributes to greater energy independence.

Increasing home value

Installing solar panels can increase the value of your property. Homes with solar installations are often seen as more attractive to potential buyers due to lower running costs and environmental benefits.

The future of solar energy

Solar technology continues to evolve, promising an even more efficient and integrated energy future.

Advancements in solar technology

Ongoing research is leading to more efficient solar cells, flexible panels, and improved energy storage solutions. These advancements will make solar power accessible to a wider range of properties and climates, further enhancing its potential.

Solar's role in an abundant energy future

Home solar systems contribute to a more distributed and resilient energy network. By enabling homeowners to generate their own power, solar technology moves us towards a future where energy is abundant and readily available, shifting the balance of power into your hands. This allows for greater control over your home's electricity supply, moving away from centralised, scarcity-driven energy models.

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References

1. UK Government. Subnational electricity and gas consumption statistics